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<title>Ganoderma</title>

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Ganoderma

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<th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(145,250,250)">Ganoderma

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<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%"><a href="Ganoderma_applanatum" title="Ganoderma applanatum">Ganoderma applanatum</a>

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<th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(145,250,250)"><a href="Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a>

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<td>Kingdom:

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<td><a href="Fungus" title="Fungus">Fungi</a>

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<td>Division:

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<td><a href="Basidiomycota" title="Basidiomycota">Basidiomycota</a>

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<td>Class:

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<td><a href="Agaricomycetes" title="Agaricomycetes">Agaricomycetes</a>

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<td>Order:

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<td><a href="Polyporales" title="Polyporales">Polyporales</a>

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<td>Family:

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<td><a href="Ganodermataceae" title="Ganodermataceae">Ganodermataceae</a>

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<td>Genus:

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<td> <a href="P.Karst" class="mw-redirect" title="P.Karst">P.Karst</a> (1881)

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<th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(145,250,250)"><a href="Type_species" title="Type species">Type species</a>

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<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><a href="Ganoderma_lucidum" title="Ganoderma lucidum">Ganoderma lucidum</a> <div style="font-size: 85%;">(<a href="Moses_Ashley_Curtis" title="Moses Ashley Curtis">Curtis</a>) P.Karst. (1881)</div>

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<th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(145,250,250)">Species

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<ul><li>Ganoderma alba</li>

<li><a href="Ganoderma_annularis" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganoderma annularis">Ganoderma annularis</a></li>

<li>Ganoderma atrum</li>

<li>Ganoderma aurea</li>

<li><a href="Ganoderma_australe" title="Ganoderma australe">Ganoderma australe</a></li>

<li>Ganoderma amboinense</li>

<li><a href="Ganoderma_applanatum" title="Ganoderma applanatum">Ganoderma applanatum</a></li>

<li><a href="Ganoderma_boninense" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganoderma boninense">Ganoderma boninense</a></li>

<li><a href="Ganoderma_brownii" title="Ganoderma brownii">Ganoderma brownii</a></li>

<li><a href="Ganoderma_colossus" title="Ganoderma colossus">Ganoderma colossus</a></li>

<li>Ganoderma cupreum</li>

<li><a href="Ganoderma_curtisii" title="Ganoderma curtisii">Ganoderma curtisii</a></li>

<li>Ganoderma formosanum</li>

<li>Ganoderma gibbosum</li>

<li>Ganoderma incrassatum</li>

<li><a href="Ganoderma_lobatum" title="Ganoderma lobatum">Ganoderma lobatum</a></li>

<li><a href="Ganoderma_lingzhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganoderma lingzhi">Ganoderma lingzhi</a></li>

<li><a href="Ganoderma_lucidum" title="Ganoderma lucidum">Ganoderma lucidum</a></li>

<li><a href="Ganoderma_megaloma" title="Ganoderma megaloma">Ganoderma megaloma</a></li>

<li><a href="Ganoderma_meredithiae" title="Ganoderma meredithiae">Ganoderma meredithiae</a></li>

<li><a href="Ganoderma_microsporum" title="Ganoderma microsporum">Ganoderma microsporum</a></li>

<li>Ganoderma miniatocinctum</li>

<li><a href="Ganoderma_multipileum" title="Ganoderma multipileum">Ganoderma multipileum</a></li>

<li>Ganoderma neo-japonicum</li>

<li>Ganoderma nigrolucidum</li>

<li><a href="Ganoderma_orbiforme" title="Ganoderma orbiforme">Ganoderma orbiforme</a></li>

<li><a href="Ganoderma_oregonense" title="Ganoderma oregonense">Ganoderma oregonense</a></li>

<li>Ganoderma purpurea</li>

<li>Ganoderma pfeifferi</li>

<li><a href="Ganoderma_philippii" title="Ganoderma philippii">Ganoderma philippii</a></li>

<li><a href="Ganoderma_pseudoferreum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganoderma pseudoferreum">Ganoderma pseudoferreum</a></li>

<li>Ganoderma resinaceum</li>

<li>Ganoderma rubra</li>

<li><a href="Ganoderma_sessile" title="Ganoderma sessile">Ganoderma sessile</a></li>

<li><a href="Ganoderma_sichuanense" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganoderma sichuanense">Ganoderma sichuanense</a></li>

<li><a href="Ganoderma_sinense" title="Ganoderma sinense">Ganoderma sinense</a></li>

<li>Ganoderma steyaertanum</li>

<li><a href="Ganoderma_tornatum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganoderma tornatum">Ganoderma tornatum</a></li>

<li><a href="Ganoderma_tsugae" title="Ganoderma tsugae">Ganoderma tsugae</a></li>

<li>Ganoderma viridis</li>

<li>Ganoderma weberianum</li>

<li><a href="Ganoderma_zonatum" title="Ganoderma zonatum">Ganoderma zonatum</a></li></ul>

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Ganoderma is a <a href="Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> of <a href="Polypore" title="Polypore">polypore</a> fungi in the family <a href="Ganodermataceae" title="Ganodermataceae">Ganodermataceae</a> that includes about 80 species, many from <a href="Tropical" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical">tropical</a> regions. They may be called shelf mushrooms or <a href="Bracket_fungus" class="mw-redirect" title="Bracket fungus">bracket fungi</a> and have a high <a href="Genetic_diversity" title="Genetic diversity">genetic diversity</a>. Ganoderma can be differentiated from other polypores because they have a double-walled <a href="Basidiospore" title="Basidiospore">basidiospore</a>. They are used in <a href="Traditional_Asian_medicine" title="Traditional Asian medicine">traditional Asian medicine</a>.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2></div>

Ganoderma are characterized by <a href="Basidiocarp" title="Basidiocarp">basidiocarps</a>, which are large, perennial, woody brackets also called "<a href="Conk_(fungus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conk (fungus)">conks</a>". They are <a href="Wood-decay_fungus" title="Wood-decay fungus">lignicolous</a> and <a href="Coriaceous" class="mw-redirect" title="Coriaceous">leathery</a> either with or without a stem. The fruit bodies typically grow in a fan-like or hoof-like form on the trunks of living or dead trees. They have double-walled, truncate <a href="Spore" title="Spore">spores</a> with yellow to brown ornamented inner layers.

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<div class="gallerytext">Early growth stage</div>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taxonomic_history">Taxonomic history</h3></div>

The genus Ganoderma was established as a genus in 1881 by Karsten and included only one species, G. lucidum (Curtis) Karst.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> Previously, this taxon was characterized as Boletus lucidus Curtis (1781) and then Polyporus lucidus (Curtis) Fr. (1821) (Karsten 1881). The species P. lucidus was characterized by having a laccate (shiny or polished) <a href="Pileus_(mycology)" title="Pileus (mycology)">pileus</a> and <a href="Stipe_(mycology)" title="Stipe (mycology)">stipe</a>, and this is a character that <a href="William_Murrill" title="William Murrill">Murrill</a> suspected was the reason for Karsten's division because only one species was included, G. lucidum .<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> Patouillard revised Karsten's genus Ganoderma to include all species with pigmented spores, adhering tubes and laccate crusted pilei, which resulted with a total of 48 species classified under the genus Ganoderma in his 1889 monograph.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-4">[4]</a> Until Murrill investigated Ganoderma in North America in 1902, previous work had focused solely on European species including, for example, G. lucidum, G. resinaceum Boud. (1890) and G. valesiacum Boud. (1895).<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notable_species">Notable species</h3></div>

<ul><li><a href="Ganoderma_applanatum" title="Ganoderma applanatum">Ganoderma applanatum</a> - Also known as the artist's conk. An infestation of this species was the main factor in the loss of the <a href="Anne_Frank_Tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Anne Frank Tree">Anne Frank Tree</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pressrelease-7">[7]</a></li>

<li><a href="Ganoderma_lucidum" title="Ganoderma lucidum">Ganoderma lucidum</a> - A polypore with limited distribution in Europe and parts of China, often misidentified on products labelled reishi or lingzhi that actually contain <a href="Ganoderma_lingzhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganoderma lingzhi">Ganoderma sichuanense</a>, because of the persistence of outdated naming conventions.</li>

<li>Ganoderma pfeifferi - Also known as the beeswax bracket.<a href="#cite_note-jarvis-2020-8">[8]</a></li>

<li><a href="Lingzhi_mushroom" class="mw-redirect" title="Lingzhi mushroom">Ganoderma sichuanense</a> <a href="Lingzhi_mushroom" class="mw-redirect" title="Lingzhi mushroom">(=G. lingzhi)</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> - Also known as lingzhi or reishi; used extensively in traditional Asian medicine.</li>

<li> <a href="Ganoderma_sinense" title="Ganoderma sinense">Ganoderma sinense</a> - Also known as black reishi or zizhi.</li>

<li><a href="Ganoderma_tsugae" title="Ganoderma tsugae">Ganoderma tsugae</a> - A polypore which grows on <a href="Conifer" title="Conifer">conifers</a>, especially <a href="Tsuga" title="Tsuga">hemlock</a>, giving it its common name, hemlock varnish shelf. Similar in appearance to Ganoderma lucidum and a close relative, which typically grows on <a href="Hardwood" title="Hardwood">hardwoods</a>.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></li>

<li> <a href="Ganoderma_microsporum" title="Ganoderma microsporum">Ganoderma microsporum</a> - A polypore found in Taiwan with a very small spore size.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phylogeny">Phylogeny</h3></div>

The genus was named by <a href="Petter_Adolf_Karsten" title="Petter Adolf Karsten">Karsten</a> in 1881.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Members of the family Ganodermataceae were traditionally considered difficult to classify because of the lack of reliable <a href="Morphology_(biology)" title="Morphology (biology)">morphological</a> characteristics, the overabundance of <a href="Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">synonyms</a>, and the widespread misuse of names.<a href="#cite_note-Smith2003-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ryvarden1985-14">[14]</a> Until recently, the genus was divided into two sections – Ganoderma, with a shiny cap surface (like <a href="Ganoderma_lucidum" title="Ganoderma lucidum">Ganoderma lucidum</a>), and Elfvingia, with a dull cap surface (like <a href="Ganoderma_applanatum" title="Ganoderma applanatum">G. applanatum</a>).

<a href="Phylogenetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Phylogenetic">Phylogenetic</a> analysis using DNA sequence information have helped to clarify our understanding of the relationships amongst Ganoderma species.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> The genus may now be divided into six <a href="Monophyletic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monophyletic">monophyletic</a> groups:<a href="#cite_note-Hong-17">[17]</a>

<ul><li>G. colossus group</li>

<li><a href="Ganoderma_applanatum" title="Ganoderma applanatum">G. applanatum</a> group</li>

<li><a href="Ganoderma_tsugae" title="Ganoderma tsugae">G. tsugae</a> group</li>

<li>Asian <a href="Ganoderma_lucidum" title="Ganoderma lucidum">G. lucidum</a> group</li>

<li><a href="Ganoderma_meredithiae" title="Ganoderma meredithiae">G. meredithiae</a> group</li>

<li>G. resinaceum group</li></ul>

With the rise of molecular phylogenies in the late 20th century, species concept hypotheses were tested to determine the relatedness amongst the nuanced morphological variabilities of the laccate Ganoderma taxa. In 1995, Moncalvo et al constructed a phylogeny of the rDNA, which was the universally accepted locus at that time, and found five major clades of the laccate species amongst the 29 isolates tested.<a href="#cite_note-:6-18">[18]</a> It turned out that G. lucidum was not a monophyletic species, and further work needed to be done to clarify this taxonomic problem. They also found that G. resinaceum from Europe, and the North American 'G. lucidum', which Adaskaveg and Gilbertson found to be biologically compatible in vitro, did not cluster together.<a href="#cite_note-:6-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-19">[19]</a> Moncalvo et al. reject biological species complexes as a sole tool to distinguish a taxon, and suggested using a combination between biological and phylogenetic species concepts to define unique Ganoderma taxa.<a href="#cite_note-:5-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-:6-18">[18]</a>

In 1905, American mycologist <a href="William_Murrill" title="William Murrill">William Murrill</a> delineated the genus Tomophagus to accommodate the single species G. colossus (then known as Polyporus colossus) which had distinctive morphological features that did not fit in with the other species.<a href="#cite_note-Murrill1905-20">[20]</a> Historically, however, Tomophagus has generally been regarded as a synonym for Ganoderma.<a href="#cite_note-Furtado1965-21">[21]</a> Nearly a century later, phylogenetic analyses vindicated Murrill's original placement, as it has shown to be a taxonomically distinct appropriate genus.<a href="#cite_note-Hong-17">[17]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology">Etymology</h3></div>

The name Ganoderma is derived from the <a href="Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</a> ganos/γάνος "brightness, sheen", hence "shining" and derma/δέρμα "skin".<a href="#cite_note-Liddell_1980-22">[22]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution_and_ecology">Distribution and ecology</h2></div>

Ganoderma are <a href="Wood-decay_fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Wood-decay fungi">wood-decay fungi</a> with a <a href="Cosmopolitan_distribution" title="Cosmopolitan distribution">cosmopolitan distribution</a>, often <a href="Tropical" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical">tropical</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kirk2008-23">[23]</a> They can grow on both coniferous and hardwood species, causing a white rot. Some species can cause major long-term crop losses, especially with trees:

<ul><li><a href="Ganoderma_orbiforme" title="Ganoderma orbiforme">G. orbiforme</a> <a href="Ganoderma_orbiforme" title="Ganoderma orbiforme">(= G. boninense)</a>, <a href="Ganoderma_zonatum" title="Ganoderma zonatum">G. zonatum</a> and G. miniatocinctum are responsible for basal stem rot disease in Asian <a href="Oil_palm" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil palm">oil palm</a> plantations.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></li>

<li><a href="Ganoderma_philippii" title="Ganoderma philippii">G. philippii</a> and <a href="Ganoderma_pseudoferreum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganoderma pseudoferreum">G. pseudoferreum</a> are responsible for the root rot of <a href="Theobroma_cacao" title="Theobroma cacao">cacao</a>, coffee, <a href="Para_rubber_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Para rubber tree">rubber</a> and <a href="Camellia" title="Camellia">tea trees</a>.</li></ul>

For centuries, Ganoderma species have been used in <a href="Traditional_medicine" title="Traditional medicine">traditional medicine</a> in many parts of Asia.<a href="#cite_note-wachtel-25">[25]</a> These species are often mislabeled as 'G. lucidum', although <a href="Genetic_testing" title="Genetic testing">genetic testing</a> has shown this to be multiple species such as G. sichuanense (=G. lingzhi), and G. multipileum.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> There is, however no <a href="Evidence-based_medicine" title="Evidence-based medicine">high-quality evidence</a> that Ganoderma or its <a href="Phytochemical" title="Phytochemical">phytochemicals</a> are medicinally effective in humans, e.g. for treating <a href="Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a>

Several species of Ganoderma contain diverse phytochemicals with undefined properties <a href="In_vivo" title="In vivo">in vivo</a>, such as <a href="Triterpenoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Triterpenoid">triterpenoids</a> and <a href="Polysaccharide" title="Polysaccharide">polysaccharides</a>, an area of investigation under <a href="Basic_research" title="Basic research">basic research</a>.<a href="#cite_note-wachtel-25">[25]</a>

The species have enzymes that allow them to break down wood components, such as <a href="Lignin" title="Lignin">lignin</a> and <a href="Cellulose" title="Cellulose">cellulose</a>. There has been significant research interest on the wood-degrading enzymes of Ganoderma species for industrial applications, such as <a href="Pulp_(paper)" title="Pulp (paper)">biopulping</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-urlFBRI:_New_Enzymes_for_Biopulping-30">[30]</a> and <a href="Bioremediation" title="Bioremediation">bioremediation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid17718838-31">[31]</a>

<ul><li><a href="Bolitotherus" title="Bolitotherus">Bolitotherus</a></li>

<li><a href="Ganoderic_acid" title="Ganoderic acid">Ganoderic acid</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<ul><li><a href="Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1799774" class="extiw external" title="wikidata:Q1799774">Q1799774</a></li>

<li><a href="Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Ganoderma" class="extiw external" title="wikispecies:Ganoderma">Ganoderma</a></li>

<li><a href="Australian_online_fauna_%26_flora_databases" title="Australian online fauna & flora databases">AusFungi</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/fungi/60015394">60015394</a></li>

<li><a href="EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/1GANOG">1GANOG</a></li>

<li><a href="FloraBase" title="FloraBase">FloraBase</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://florabase.dpaw.wa.gov.au/browse/profile/41880">41880</a></li>

<li><a href="INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/48475">48475</a></li>

<li><a href="Index_Fungorum" title="Index Fungorum">IndexFungorum</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indexfungorum.org/names/NamesRecord.asp?RecordID=17639">17639</a></li>

<li><a href="Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1106042">1106042</a></li>

<li><a href="MycoBank" title="MycoBank">MycoBank</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mycobank.org/MB/17639">17639</a></li>

<li><a href="National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://species.nbnatlas.org/species/NBNSYS0000037048">NBNSYS0000037048</a></li>

<li>PPE: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bladmineerders.nl/host-plants/fungi/polyporales/ganodermataceae/ganoderma/genus-ganoderma/">genus-ganoderma</a></li>

<li><a href="Index_Fungorum" title="Index Fungorum">SpeciesFungorum</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.speciesfungorum.org/Names/NamesRecord.asp?RecordID=17639">17639</a></li></ul>

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